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Automation - Wikipedia
IEEE Robotics and Automation Award. Industrial robot Autonomous research robot Domestic robot. Home automation Banking automation Laboratory automation Integrated library system Broadcast automation Console automation Building automation. Automated attendant Automated guided vehicle Automated highway system Automated pool cleaner Automated reasoning Automated teller machine Automatic painting robotic Autonomous mobile robot Pop music automation Remotely operated vehicle Robotic lawn mower Telephone switchboard Vending machine.
Automation describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes. Human intervention is reduced by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions — and embodying those predeterminations in machines.
Automation, [2] includes the use of various equipment and control systems such as machinerychalmers interaction design master thesis, processes in factoriesboilers[3] and heat-treating ovensswitching on telephone networkssteeringand stabilization of ships, aircraftand other applications and vehicles with reduced human intervention.
Automation covers applications ranging from a household thermostat controlling a boiler, to a large industrial control system with tens of thousands of input measurements and output control signals. Automation has also found space in the banking sector. In control complexity, chalmers interaction design master thesis, it can range from simple on-off control to multi-variable high-level algorithms, chalmers interaction design master thesis.
In the simplest type of an automatic control loopa controller compares a measured value of a process with a desired set value and processes the resulting error signal to change some input to the process, in such a way that the process stays at its set point despite disturbances. This closed-loop control is an application of negative feedback to a system. The mathematical basis of control theory was begun in the 18th century and advanced rapidly in the 20th.
Automation has been achieved by various means including mechanicalhydraulicpneumaticelectricalelectronic devicesand computersusually in combination. Complicated systems, chalmers interaction design master thesis, such as modern factories, airplanesand ships typically use all these combined techniques. The benefit of automation includes labor savings, reducing waste, savings in electricity costssavings in material costs, and improvements to quality, accuracy, and precision. The World Bank 's World Development Report shows evidence that the new industries and jobs in the technology sector outweigh the economic effects of workers being displaced by automation.
Job losses and downward mobility blamed on Automation has been cited as one of many factors in the chalmers interaction design master thesis of nationalistprotectionist and populist politics in the US, UK and France, among other countries since the s. The term automationinspired by the earlier word automatic coming from automatonwas not widely used beforewhen Ford established an automation department, chalmers interaction design master thesis.
Fundamentally, there are two types of feedback control loop; open-loop controllerand closed-loop control. In open-loop control, the control action from the controller is independent of the "process output" or "controlled process variable". A good example of this is a central heating boiler controlled only by a timer, so that heat is applied for a constant time, regardless of the temperature of the building.
The control action is switching the boiler off and on. The process output is building temperature. In closed-loop chalmers interaction design master thesis, the control action from the chalmers interaction design master thesis is dependent on the process output. In the case of the boiler analogy, this would include a temperature sensor to monitor the building temperature, and thereby feed a signal back to the controller to ensure it maintains the building at the temperature set on the thermostat.
A closed-loop controller, therefore, chalmers interaction design master thesis, has a feedback loop that ensures the controller exerts a control action to give a process output equal to the "Reference input" or "set point". For this reason, closed-loop controllers are also called feedback controllers. The definition of a closed-loop control system according to the British Standard Institution is 'a control system possessing monitoring feedback, the deviation signal formed as a result of this feedback being used to control the action of a final control element in such a way as to tend to reduce the deviation to zero.
Likewise, a Feedback Control System is a system that tends to maintain a prescribed relationship of one system variable to another by comparing functions of these variables and using the difference as a means of control. One of the simplest types of control is on-off control. An example chalmers interaction design master thesis a thermostat used on household appliances which either open or close an electrical contact.
Thermostats were originally developed as true feedback-control mechanisms rather than the on-off common household appliance thermostat. Sequence control, in which a programmed sequence of discrete operations is performed, often based on system logic that involves system states.
An elevator control system is an example of sequence control. A proportional—integral—derivative controller PID controller is a control loop feedback mechanism controller widely used in industrial control systems. The theoretical understanding and application date from the s, and they are implemented in nearly all analog control systems; originally in mechanical controllers, and then using discrete electronics and latterly in industrial process computers.
Sequential control may be either to a fixed sequence or to a logical one that will perform different actions depending on various system states. An example of an adjustable but otherwise fixed sequence is a timer on a lawn sprinkler. States refer to the various conditions that can occur in a use or sequence scenario of the system.
An example is an elevator, which uses logic chalmers interaction design master thesis on the system state to perform certain actions in response to its state and operator input. For example, if the operator presses the floor n button, the system will respond depending on whether the elevator is stopped or moving, going up or down, or if the door is open or closed, and other conditions.
Early development of sequential control was relay logicby which electrical relays engage electrical contacts which either start or interrupt power to a device. Relays were first used in telegraph networks before being developed for controlling other devices, such as when starting and stopping industrial-sized electric motors or opening and closing solenoid valves.
Using relays for control purposes allowed event-driven control, where actions could be triggered out of sequence, in response to external events. These were more flexible in their response than the rigid single-sequence cam timers. More complicated examples involved maintaining safe sequences for devices such as swing bridge controls, where a lock bolt needed to be disengaged before the bridge could be moved, and the lock bolt could not be released until the safety gates had chalmers interaction design master thesis been closed.
The total number of relays and cam timers can number into the hundreds or even thousands in some factories. Early programming techniques and languages were needed to make such systems manageable, one of the first being ladder logicwhere diagrams of the interconnected relays resembled the rungs of a ladder.
Special computers called programmable logic controllers were later designed to replace these collections of hardware with a single, more easily re-programmed unit.
In a typical hard wired motor start and stop circuit called a control circuit a motor is started by pushing a "Start" or "Run" button that activates a pair of electrical relays.
The "lock-in" relay locks in contacts that keep the control circuit energized when the push-button is released. The start button is a normally open contact and the stop button is normally closed contact. Another relay energizes a switch that powers the device that throws the motor starter switch three sets of contacts for three-phase industrial power in the main power circuit. Large motors use high voltage and experience high in-rush current, making speed important in making and breaking chalmers interaction design master thesis. This can be dangerous for personnel and property with chalmers interaction design master thesis switches.
The "lock-in" contacts in the chalmers interaction design master thesis circuit and the main power contacts for the motor are held engaged by their respective electromagnets until a "stop" or "off" button is pressed, which de-energizes the lock in relay.
Commonly interlocks are added to a control circuit. Suppose that the motor in the example is powering machinery that has a critical need for lubrication. In this case, an interlock could be added to ensure that the oil pump is running before the motor starts. Timers, limit switches, and electric eyes are other common elements in control circuits. Solenoid valves are widely used on compressed air or hydraulic fluid for powering actuators on mechanical components.
While motors are used to supply continuous rotary motionactuators are typically a better choice for intermittently creating a limited range of movement for a mechanical component, such as moving various mechanical arms, opening or closing valvesraising heavy press-rolls, applying pressure to presses. Computers can perform both sequential control and feedback control, and typically a single computer will do both in an industrial application. Programmable logic controllers PLCs are a type of special-purpose microprocessor that replaced many hardware components such as timers and drum sequencers used in relay logic type systems.
General-purpose process control computers have increasingly replaced stand-alone controllers, chalmers interaction design master thesis, with a single computer able to perform the operations of hundreds of controllers. Process control computers can process data from a network of PLCs, instruments, and controllers to implement typical such as PID control of many individual variables or, in some cases, to implement complex control algorithms using multiple inputs and mathematical manipulations.
They can also analyze data and create real-time graphical displays for operators and run reports for operators, engineers, and management. Control of an automated teller machine ATM is an example of an interactive process in which a computer will perform a logic derived response to a user selection based on information retrieved from a networked database.
The ATM process has similarities with other online transaction processes. The different logical responses are called scenarios. Such processes are typically designed with the aid of use cases and flowchartswhich guide the writing of the software code. The earliest feedback control mechanism was the water clock invented by Greek engineer Ctesibius — BC.
It was a preoccupation of the Greeks and Arabs in the period between about BC and about AD to keep accurate track of time. In Ptolemaic Egyptabout BC, Ctesibius described a float regulator for a water clocka device not unlike the ball and cock in a modern flush toilet. This was the earliest feedback controlled mechanism. The Persian Banū Mūsā brothers, in their Book of Ingenious Devices ADdescribed a number of automatic controls, chalmers interaction design master thesis.
Thus, it was more of an art than a chalmers interaction design master thesis. It was not until the midth century that the stability of feedback control systems were analyzed using mathematics, the formal language of automatic control theory.
The centrifugal governor was invented by Christiaan Huygens in the seventeenth century, and used to adjust the gap between millstones. The introduction of prime moversor self-driven machines advanced grain mills, furnaces, boilers, and the steam engine created a new requirement for automatic control systems including temperature regulators invented in ; see Cornelius Drebbelpressure regulatorsfloat regulators and speed control devices.
Another control mechanism was used to tent the sails of windmills. It was patented by Edmund Lee in AroundJoseph Marie Jacquard created a punch-card system to program looms. In Richard Arkwright invented the first fully automated spinning mill driven by water power, known at the time as the water frame. A centrifugal governor was used by a Mr, chalmers interaction design master thesis. Bunce of England in as part of a model steam crane.
The governor was able to handle smaller variations such as those caused by fluctuating heat load to the boiler. Also, there was a tendency for oscillation whenever chalmers interaction design master thesis was a speed change. As a consequence, engines equipped with this governor were not suitable for operations requiring constant speed, chalmers interaction design master thesis, chalmers interaction design master thesis as cotton spinning.
Several improvements to the governor, plus improvements to valve cut-off timing on the steam engine, made the engine suitable for most industrial uses before the end of the 19th chalmers interaction design master thesis. Advances in the steam engine stayed well ahead of science, both thermodynamics and control theory.
Relay logic was introduced with factory chalmers interaction design master thesiswhich underwent rapid adaption from through the s. Central electric power stations were also undergoing rapid growth and the operation of new high-pressure boilers, steam turbines and electrical substations created a large demand for instruments and controls.
Central control rooms became common in the s, but as late as the early s, most process controls were on-off. Operators typically monitored charts drawn by recorders that plotted data from instruments. To make corrections, operators manually opened or closed valves or turned switches on or off. Control rooms also used color-coded lights to send signals to workers in the plant to manually chalmers interaction design master thesis certain changes.
The development of the electronic amplifier during the s, which was important for long-distance telephony, required a higher signal-to-noise ratio, which was solved by negative feedback noise cancellation.
Master Thesis Presentation: A Virtual Queueing Service for an amusement park
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